# statsmodels.tsa.statespace.dynamic_factor_mq.DynamicFactorMQ.impulse_responses¶

DynamicFactorMQ.impulse_responses(params, steps=1, impulse=0, orthogonalized=False, cumulative=False, anchor=None, exog=None, extend_model=None, extend_kwargs=None, transformed=True, includes_fixed=False, original_scale=True, **kwargs)[source]

Impulse response function.

Parameters
paramsarray_like

Array of model parameters.

stepsint, optional

The number of steps for which impulse responses are calculated. Default is 1. Note that for time-invariant models, the initial impulse is not counted as a step, so if steps=1, the output will have 2 entries.

impulse

If an integer, the state innovation to pulse; must be between 0 and k_posdef-1. Alternatively, a custom impulse vector may be provided; must be shaped k_posdef x 1.

orthogonalizedbool, optional

Whether or not to perform impulse using orthogonalized innovations. Note that this will also affect custum impulse vectors. Default is False.

cumulativebool, optional

Whether or not to return cumulative impulse responses. Default is False.

anchorint, str, or datetime, optional

Time point within the sample for the state innovation impulse. Type depends on the index of the given endog in the model. Two special cases are the strings ‘start’ and ‘end’, which refer to setting the impulse at the first and last points of the sample, respectively. Integer values can run from 0 to nobs - 1, or can be negative to apply negative indexing. Finally, if a date/time index was provided to the model, then this argument can be a date string to parse or a datetime type. Default is ‘start’.

exogarray_like, optional

New observations of exogenous regressors for our-of-sample periods, if applicable.

transformedbool, optional

Whether or not params is already transformed. Default is True.

includes_fixedbool, optional

If parameters were previously fixed with the fix_params method, this argument describes whether or not params also includes the fixed parameters, in addition to the free parameters. Default is False.

original_scalebool, optional

If the model specification standardized the data, whether or not to return impulse responses in the original scale of the data (i.e. before it was standardized by the model). Default is True.

**kwargs

If the model has time-varying design or transition matrices and the combination of anchor and steps implies creating impulse responses for the out-of-sample period, then these matrices must have updated values provided for the out-of-sample steps. For example, if design is a time-varying component, nobs is 10, anchor=1, and steps is 15, a (k_endog x k_states x 7) matrix must be provided with the new design matrix values.

Returns
impulse_responsesndarray

Responses for each endogenous variable due to the impulse given by the impulse argument. For a time-invariant model, the impulse responses are given for steps + 1 elements (this gives the “initial impulse” followed by steps responses for the important cases of VAR and SARIMAX models), while for time-varying models the impulse responses are only given for steps elements (to avoid having to unexpectedly provide updated time-varying matrices).